Arduino Programming for Beginners: A Complete Guide to Coding and Circuitry by LADO MARK JOHN

Author:LADO, MARK JOHN
Language: eng
Format: epub
Published: 2025-02-23T00:00:00+00:00

6.3.2 Using PWM for Motor Speed Control

PWM is not only for LED brightness control; it is also a primary method for controlling the speed of DC motors. By varying the duty cycle of a PWM signal applied to a DC motor, you can effectively control the average voltage supplied to the motor, thus regulating its speed (Toro, 2005). However, directly connecting a DC motor to an Arduino PWM pin is generally not recommended and often insufficient for most motors. Arduino pins have limited current sourcing and sinking capabilities, and most DC motors require significantly higher current than Arduino pins can provide. Furthermore, back electromotive force (back EMF) generated by motors can damage Arduino pins if not properly handled. Therefore, motor drivers, often implemented as H-bridge circuits, are essential for safely and effectively controlling DC motors with Arduino PWM.

H-bridge Motor Drivers: An H-bridge is an electronic circuit that allows you to control the direction and speed of a DC motor. It typically uses transistors or MOSFETs to switch the polarity of the voltage applied to the motor, enabling bidirectional motor control (forward and reverse). H-bridge drivers also amplify the control current from the Arduino to the higher current levels required by the motor and provide protection against back EMF. Common H-bridge ICs for Arduino motor control include the L298N and TB6612FNG. [Search online for "L298N H-bridge datasheet" or "TB6612FNG H-bridge datasheet" to find datasheets and application notes for these common motor driver ICs].

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